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(1a) Operating Systems - Comparison Table (18 systems)

(last update: June 2025)
including Windows, macOS, iOS, Android, Chrome OS, GNU/Linux, FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, DragonFly BSD, Illumos, Haiku, ArcaOS, RISC OS, MorphOS, AmigaOS, AROS, and OpenVMS.

Also shown: How to run them in a virtual machine

And: Estimated market share of consumer operating systems since 1970!

(1b) Operating Systems - Timeline and Family Tree from 1950 to Today

(last update: July 2025)
includes over 1,190 operating systems since the beginning of computing!

(2)  Android-based Operating Systems - Comparison Table (6 ROMs)

(last update: July 2025)
Comparison of 6 Android ROMs: GrapheneOS, DivestOS, CalyxOS, iodeOS, /e/, LineageOS, and stock Android.

(3)  Linux Distributions - Comparison Table & Timeline (17 distributions)

(last update: July 2025)
Comparison of almost 17 (actually 19) Linux distributions: Debian, Ubuntu, openSUSE Tumbleweed & openSUSE MicroOS, SUSE Linux Enterprise, Fedora Workstation & Fedora Atomic Desktop, Red Hat Enterprise Linux, OpenMandriva ROME, Mageia, PCLinuxOS, Arch, Slackware, Gentoo, Alpine, Void, NixOS, Guix System, and Solus.

In the Appendix: How heterogeneous are the distributions today and how heterogeneous have they been historically? Looking at the most important distributions and their choice of desktop environment, widget toolkit, display server, package format, file system, init sofware, and security module from the year 2000 until today.

Also: A look at the relative popularity of Linux distributions over time, measured by Distrowatch hits.

(4a) Desktop Environments - Comparison Table & List (9 desktops)

(last update: July 2025)
including Microsoft Windows, Aqua (macOS), KDE Plasma, GNOME, Xfce, MATE, Cinnamon, LXQt, Budgie (and formerly also: CDE, Enlightenment, Trinity, Unity, Pantheon, Lumina, Deepin, and UKUI).

Also includes are very exhaustive list of available desktop environments, including discontinued and mobile ones.

Also shown: Screenshots and short personal reviews of all the major desktops!

(4b) Desktop Environments - Default Choices for Linux and Unix from 1990 to Today

(last update: April 2025)
Timeline since 1990 showing the most important distributions and their default desktops (KDE, GNOME, Xfce and others)

(5a) Web Browsers - Comparison Table (7 browsers)

(last update: July 2025)
including Chrome, Edge, Safari, Firefox, Opera, Brave, and Vivaldi. Desktop, Android and iOS.

(5b) Web Browers - History of Browser Engines from 1990 to Today

(last update: March 2025)
Many tried, few remain. Will any Chromium competitors be left in a few years?

(6)  Instant Messengers - Comparison Table (12 messengers)

(last update: July 2025)
including SimpleX, XMPP/Conversations, Delta Chat, Matrix/Element, Session, Signal, Telegram, Threema, Facebook Messenger, Line, Viber, and WhatsApp

(7)  Cloud, Sync & Email Services - Comparison Table (39 providers)

(last update: July 2025)
Who can compete with Apple, Microsoft and Google while offering more privacy and features? Comparison of about 40 different providers with some recommendations at the end

(8)  Payment Methods - Comparison Table (11+ payment systems)

(last update: July 2025)
including various cryptocurrencies (Monero, Bitcoin, Bitcoin Cash and Litecoin), GNU Taler, and traditional payment methods

(9)  Spreadsheet Programs - Comparison Table (5 spreadsheet programs)

(last update: May 2025)
comparing Microsoft Excel and its most popular Linux-compatible alternatives LibreOffice Calc, OnlyOffice, Softmaker Planmaker, and WPS Office

(10)  Monitoring activity in Altchans. Which alternatives are there since 4chan went offline?